COP27 埃及氣候峰會的關鍵議題：損失與損害
作者：李河清 （中央大學通識教育中心教授）
摘要：
氣候變遷導致損失與損害。特別是針對氣候脆弱的國家與社區，其溫室氣體排放趨近於零，因應氣候負面影響的技術與財務能力卻極為不足。在聯合國氣候談判的脈絡下，有關損失與損害的討論，發展中國家強調財務補助，呼籲成立專款專用的損失與損害基金，工業發達國家則希望由現有的援外∕人道基金來支助，也避免落入賠償與法律責任的無底黑洞。
2022 年極端氣候肆虐，熱浪、乾旱、豪暴雨、洪災、土石流。受害國――巴基斯坦正是發展中國家最大談判集團，G77 以及中國的輪值主席。而主辦國――埃及也特別整合非洲國家集體發聲。埃及氣候峰會，經過冗長的紅眼談判，終於同意成立損失與損害基金，由已發展國家補助發展中國家。基金的運作細節如：資金來源、補助項目、補助額度、管理機制與受助國資格等，則留在未來氣候峰會議定。
關鍵字
聯合國氣候變化綱要公約第27 次締約國大會、巴黎協定、氣候談判、損失與損害、損失與損害基金、責任歸屬、氣候賠償、氣候特別脆弱國
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COP27 Adopts a Historical "Loss and Damage" Fund for Climate Disaster in Developing Countries
Author：Ho-Ching Lee (Professor, Center for General Education, National Central University)
Abstract：
The impacts of climate change are causing loss and damage across the world. Many of the adversely affected countries and communities experiencing severe loss and damage have contributed little to global greenhouse emissions, and typically have low technical and financial capacity to address it.
In the UN climate change negotiations, loss and damage is now recognized as an increasingly important and urgent issue by developing and developed countries alike. Many developing countries stress the scale of climate finance and the exigency of funding arrangement. At the same time, many developedcountries risk becoming legally liable to provide vast sums in financial compensation.
At COP27, three decades after such an idea was first proposed by Alliance of Small Island States, loss and damage finance was finally prioritized and added on the agenda. A new climate pact was agreed upon, including a historical loss and damage fund to pay for damage recovery and offset economic losses for particularly vulnerable countries. This comes after a year of devastating climate change-related disasters, from severe floods in Pakistan to the prolonged drought in East Africa. A transitional committee was established to work out implementation details of this fund. Debates over how to get it up and running will following in the following years.
Keywords
COP27, Paris Agreement, climate change negotiations, loss and damage, loss and damage fund, liability, climate compensation, particularly vulnerable countries